Business communication Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business communication - Outline Example They vary mainly in the decision making process, that is, in the Centralized Structure, the topmost management controls all the decision making and exercises strict control over the lower layers of the structure. In a Decentralized Structure however, everyone is involved in the decision making process A well designed Organization structure gives out the authority and responsibility to the respective individuals. If each person in the organization knows what his role is, a lot of chaos can be avoided in the organization. (organizationalstructure.net). With the help of the organizational chart, individuals can understand their roles and how to relate to one another in the organization. An organization chart gives the pattern of communication and coordination in the organization. This would also hinder the exchange of information and efficient problem solving. (taxarticles.info). Hopgood Sports Limited: Problems In spite of good business acumen of the management, there seem to be certai n problems with the running of Hopgood Sports Limited, in terms of organization, or technically, the lack thereof. Some of the problems are: 1. Staffing problems: Hopgood Sports Limited seems to be understaffed, in spite of the fact that they can afford it quite easily. 2. Inaccessibility of decision maker: The management, i.e. Mr. Hopgood, is not always easily accessible because he is always on the move from one store to another. This causes a lot of decision making to be put on hold and also may cost various opportunities for Hopgood Sports Limited. 3. Technological backwardness, with physical distances between the various stores acting as a major impediment for efficient management 4. The Organizational Structure of Hopgood Sports Limited also is not up to the mark. This has been discussed further below. Current Organization Structure of Hopgood Sports Limited: From the above illustrated current organizational structure of Hopgood Sports Limited, we can see that there is no unifo rmity in the structure, that is, in the different branches of the store. The structure of each store is different from the other in terms of number of employees and accountability. This might be fine for now but will lead to a lot of chaos and confusion in the future, when Hopgood Sports Limited is on the pathway to further expansion. A lack of uniformity in the structure also will leave the employees confused when it comes to inter store communication as they may not know with whom they must communicate what information. Also, it does not clearly explain the accountability of the employees. Recommendations for Hopgood sports limited Hopgood Sports is a good, stable business with few glitches that a well designed Organizational Structure can rectify. Here are some of the recommendations for Hopgood Sports Limited. 1. Mr. Hopgood seems to have bitten off more than he can chew. He is seriously overworked and the main reason for this is that Hopgood Sports Limited is not well staffed. He should hire more people for employment in his various stores. Since, he can afford to do that, after recruitment and apportionment, he can take a backseat and concentrate on supervising the running of the place instead of running all around the city that might make Hopgood Sports Limited more susceptible to expansion. 2. Mr. Hopgood’s inaccessibility can easily be solved with the above point. If he were to be at a particular store as head office, he could be

Improvements for Aaron's Situation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Improvements for Aaron's Situation - Case Study Example This ability will allow him to integrate more and more with other children as he progresses. In addition, Aaron has high awareness of his surroundings and is able to adapt quickly and manipulate the environment around him. Finally, Aaron’s IQ level is above average, which shows that his ability to learn and comprehend is strong. Used in conjunction with his communication skills and ability to adapt to the environment around him, Aaron could step to the forefront of his class as a leader both academically and socially if he were able to overcome his personal auctions. Some of the challenging behaviors that present obstacles for Aaron’s progress are the fact that he vandalizes property, runs away from home and school, and exhibits violence at school. Aaron’s tendency to vandalize property may be an attempt to control his surroundings, responding to negativity by breaking something to alleviate rage and make a point. His unannounced attempts to leave home and school show that these places cause stress for him and running away is one of his coping mechanisms. Finally, Aaron’s tendency to demonstrate violence at school shows his lack of respect for personal boundaries and his attempts to defend himself against his insecurities by resorting to violence. All of these behaviors are challenging for authority figures because they present obstacles for Aaron’s education and the education of those around him. These behaviors also compromise the safety of Aaron and those he comes in contact with. Some of the causes that may have contributed to Aaron’s negative behavior is the instability he has experienced at home and school. The imprisonment of his father has left him without a father figure to look up to and provide guidance. This also left a sense of structure and discipline out of Aaron’s life.  

Civil War - Historiography project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Civil War - Historiography project - Essay Example rovided encouragement for the South to ratify the 13th Amendment", and was able to secure political fortune when the Congress sustained his arguments against the Freedmans Bureau Act, and then suddenly he plunged in the shadow of darkness. As per McPherson, Andrew Johnson was "untouchable because of his great power, nothing, in their perception, can toss him from their lofty eminence; except for pride, which affects the brain; it gives one a false sense of invincibility; it leads one even to think one is more than human". It is therefore suspected that Johnson was confident about his total victory, and ignored the "recipes for a thundering fall" (Walter, 1907). McPherson has mentioned that in the political era of Andrew Johnson "crowds of supporters would march to the home of their leaders and call them to the window for an impromptu address" (Matthew, 2007). Johnson has delivered such addresses on different occasions, such as when the Congress approved resolutions which supported the plan for reconstruction proposed by Johnson. Andrew forwarded the proposal for relaxation of terms for admission of Southern to the Union. The President forwarded the theory of the Union, which highlighted that the greatness of this country existed in its unity and oneness. McPherson confirmed that George Washington, Lincoln and Andrew Jackson supported the existence and rights of Union. It was Johnson who forwarded the concept of "lenient return to political standing for the South" (Richard, 1990). McPherson has agreed that "historiography of Andrew Johnson has not been kind to him; this was because most of it was written by Northerners, sympathizers with th e more Radical Republicans". McPherson has revealed interesting observation with reference to the speeches of Johnson, "Johnsons language began in a rather conciliatory vein, and quickly turned to spite and vitriol". Anderson appreciated the sincerity and support of the Congress, the proposals forwarded by the President for the

One of the most widely used services in many distributed systems is Essay

One of the most widely used services in many distributed systems is the File Service. Investigate the issue of distributed file systems - Essay Example These challenges will be discussed in this section and also there will be a description of the main architectural features of the Network File System version 4 in relation to its previous versions. Adrian, Teodora and Naiana (2011, p. 801) say that in distributed file systems, caching is an approach that is used to reduce the traffic within the network. Moreover, Tanenbaum and Van Steen (2007, p. 276) emphasize that through catching the reliability and speed of access of data from the server is significantly increased. This means that the users of the system are able to access data with a guarantee of no delays in retrieval. Additionally, caching is aimed at preventing repeated access same data or information. It is through catching that access to data within a system is attained by one user without the redundancy which often results from many users requiring to access, retrieve or modify the same data at the same time. Tanenbaum and Van Steen (2007, p. 277) illustrate that unlike server access, which costs thousands of instructions, cache access is faster as it only costs the client terminal hundreds of instructions. Ainsworth (2009, p. 22) argues that the problem of consiste ncy can be overcome by implementing a write-through technique within the cache policy. The reliability of a write-through cache is relatively high. A delayed write approach may also be used because it saves remote writes, but has relatively poor reliability, especially in situations of a system crash. Caching techniques are designed so that the cached copies of files are presented to the user from the server in an effective manner. Therefore, users have access to the cached copy of files instead of contacting the server directly which mightlead to an overload of the network. According to Dolev and Kat (2005, p. 135), caching presents a challenge of consistency within the processes of file sharing and transfer within a distributed file system. This problem results from the difficulties

Hopis Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hopis Anthropology - Essay Example Consequently, the view on the Hopi people’s origin is also a major question that is to be sought. The subject is relevant especially in the contemporary society since an academic study of past events and the origin of humanity are critical in enhancing cohesiveness. Hopi people should understand their past dealings and origin to pragmatically define their future. Anthropology enables individuals to establish the meaning of the archeological sites and cultural practices thus enables them to nurture the practices (Kuwanwisiwma, 161). The key perspectives of the subject appertains to enhancing understanding of the Hopi people on their origin, the significance of the archeological artifacts, ancestral sites and cultural practices. This is to; avoid erosion of their social and cultural heritage that contributes in enhancing mutual coexistence. However, critics oppose the understanding and advancement of past dealings asserting that the practices are part of the old order that does not hold relevance in this century. As noted, Hopi immigrants originated from Sipaapani (place of emergence) and travelled buried and lived in Hopistutskwa-Hopiland with their ancestors. The cultural landscape of the region is identified by landforms that hold great association with deities. The landscape also holds historical events, rivers, springs, shrines and the Itakuku as termed by the Hopi people that mean â€Å"our footprints† (Ferguson & Roger, 99). It is imperative to note that the cultural sites and events were crucial in executing traditional rituals including ceremonies. The footprints that include the pottery, stone tools, the ruins of former settlements and diverse artifacts are significant monuments that present undisputed proof of ancestral migration.

History Test Questions Essay Example for Free

History Test Questions Essay Manzanar in CA – loss of $ property – 100th Battalion – â€Å"Purple Heart† Battalion – 442nd Regimental Combat Team – fought in Italy, France, Germany – Most decorated combat unit in US history for proportion of length of service – â€Å"Buddha Heads† – Most Japanese-Americans served as soldiers in Europe while interpreters and such went to the Pacific – obvious racism/discrimination Minority group most adversely affected by Washington DC’s wartime policies was – Japanese-Americans Internment – costs – effects – camps – prejudice – military service – Nisei born in USA, so citizens The general attitude toward WWII was – less idealistic ideological more practical than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook – What would Zinn say in Ch 16? ) In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Japanese immigrants who came to the USA were â₠¬â€œ a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan cared who was sent) who was/were better prepared educated than most European immigrants (so they were middle class usually had $) Ex. Japan felt represented – wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th century – so â€Å"picture brides† When the USA entered WWII in December (7th attack at Pearl, war declared on 8th), 1941, a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about * WWI had campaigned (but many people didn’t know in WWI either – Ex. Sergeant York Gallipoli) During WWII, the US gov’t commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, Loas) Wartime agencies functions: War Production Board – assign priorities w/respect to use of raw materials transportation facilities Office of Price Administration – controlled inflation by rationing essential goods War Labor Board – imposed ceilings (maximums) on wage increases Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) – saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against Af-Am’s seeking employment in war industries * A Philip Randolph – 1941 threatened to march on Wash DC to demand equality in hiring – FDR feared march so made a deal to announce Executive Order #8802 for Af-Am’s fair employment in wartime industries Randoplh was leader of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Am’s but some whites too – began in 1920s) While most US workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the – United Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime profits. ) * Coal mining is almost as risky as war – in fact they die more than any other industrial workers, both back then and today – only crab ishing is truly more hazardous b y proportion – although they are much safer today During WWII – labor unions substantially increased their membership †¢ There were some strikes – Ex. United Mine Workers – unfair distribution of wartime profits * Bracero Program – p. 833 Mexicans work in agriculture some industries (later deported in the offensive â€Å"Operation Wetback†) [Ironic after 1930’s treatment in CA for example – Okies for Mexicans, etc†¦ Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act – June 1943 – federal gov’t could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex. Coal mines and RRs briefly] p. 832 Employment of more than 6 million women in America (~3 million had never worked for wages before) industry during WWII led to – the establishment of day-care centers by gov’t (*†Rosie† vs. â€Å"Wendy†) [Usually single women or w/husband in the war were the ones working in defense plants/war industries] * Not equal pay for equal work in almost all cases – although some women earned as good or better money if they were outstanding – some were indeed Ex. P. 33 – WOW poster * My recruiting posters WWII aircraft pictures * Not greater % of women working in USA than in Europe – Ex. Britain USSR – in war industries * Increase in employment in war industries for Af-Am’s (both men women) * Migrations from South as Af-Am’s leave while to the South came war industries and military bases Why? Cheap wages very few unions * Not a strong desire for most women to work for wages (especially in defense industries, etc†¦) *** p. 833 – WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) â€Å"GI† – â€Å"Government Issue† * USCG Merchant Marine Main reason majority of women workers left labor force at end of WWII was – family obligation Af-Am’s did all of following during WWII: rally behind slogan of â€Å"Double V† (victory over Axis racism at home), move north west in large migrations (seeking work – often in war industries) (move to cities – â€Å"urban† begins to mean â€Å"black†) (ghettos created – not like Jewish ghettos in Poland, etc†¦) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation discrimination – Ex. Race riots in Detroit in 1943 – later race riots in north in 1960s too), form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE – 1942 increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen – 332nd/99th w/impeccable record – no bombers lost on their escorts – Benjamin O. Davis sr. Benjamin O. Davis jr. – West Point grads – endured silent treatment from whites – Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history – Davis jr. was in command of 99th squadron – see picture on . 835), What about fighting in integrated combat units? Not until Korea (w/exception of a few experiments) Which is least related to the other three? A Philip Randolph (Bro of Sleep Car Porters threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 – led to Executive Order #8802 – in 1963, helped organize march to Wash DC for MLK jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC – to protect Af-Am’s to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime industry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination – but better than w/out it), proposed â€Å"negro March on Washington,† What about the Smith-Connally (Anti- Strike) Act (1943)? On pp. 834-836 Migration Map on p. 834 * Cotton production in South – hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and sharecropping farmers (whites too who did this – many) w/ introduction of mechanization – so migration p. 836 * Native Americans ~25,000 serve – Ex. Comanche in Europe Navajo in Pacific – â€Å"code talkers† p. 836 *** LA, CA summer 1943 – â€Å"Zoot Suit Riots† – Pachucos vs. Servicemen – violence – retaliation – gangs – blame – reactions – tensions – â€Å"Victory Suits† – race riots p. 836-837 ** Race riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 – fatalities pp. 36-837 Big gov’t intervention received its greatest boost from – WWII (not the New Deal) During WWII, most Am’s economically experienced – prosperity a doubling of personal income p. 837 National Gross National Product (all goods and services produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 b illion – GNP grew to $200 billion in 1945 – corporate profits rose from ~$6 billion in 1940 to ~$12 billion by 1944 – Henry Stimson (Sec of War) â€Å"if you are going to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you have to let business make money out of the process, or business won’t work. p. 837 * disposable income after war-time taxes more than doubled (but there was inflation too) * post-war consumerism w/surplus income to purchase in post-war US economy – Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages consumer demand * Office of Scientific Research and Development p. 37 – developed weapons, including Atomic (nuclear) bombs *** â€Å"warfare-welfare state† b/t 1941-1945 * rationing – total war effort – bond drives – kids had Al drives for example, etc†¦ Ex of poster: â€Å"When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler! † – Black Market Chart for Rise in National Debt – rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war p. 837 On p. 38 Cost of war in $ was for USA $330 billion – 10 times more than WWI – more $ than all federal spending since 1776 – income tax – 4 times as many people than before war – some people taxed as high as 90% of income – taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost – rest is borrowed from US public – Liberty Loans – Bond Drives others loaned $ too like individuals who were rich tycoons moguls and/or through corporations banks – 1941 National Debt was $49 billion – grew to $259 billion in 1945 – war cost ~$10 million per hour at peak of war – plus blood, sweat, tears – tremendous loss of life – Ex. USSR lost more than any other country Northward migration of Af-Am’s accelerated after WWII b/c – mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p. 836 During WWII, American Indians – moved off of reservations in large numbers (~25,000 served in military) p. 836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USA’s Af-Am communities had shifted to – northern cities pp. 834-835 * p. 836 â€Å"The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrants and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation [Migartion Map on p. 834] National debt increased most during – World War II (and post-WWII to present) p. 838 Most $ raised to finance WWII came through – borrowing (individuals, corporations – bonds for middle class working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans – bond sales – hugely promoted) p. 38 First naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done b y (aircraft) carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of – the Coral Sea (May 1942 near NE Australia – Tie to stop Japanese threat/invasion of the â€Å"Land Down Under† – USA lost one carrier – USS Lexington – USS Yorktown carrier badly damaged but back in action at Midway where she was finally sunk by a Japanese submarine after extensive damage from aircraft that left her a burning wreck) * Midway – 2nd such battle b/t carrier fleets so far apart they never see each other – June 3rd-6th, 1942 – the turning point of the Pacific war p. 839] The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of – Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * Details – our 3 carriers to their 4 – we sank all four and lost only one – planes – luck – plans – codes – drama – Spruance, Nimitz, etc†¦ plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just before Midway was dive rsion, which was fairly effective – cold, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territory like Hawaii pp. 39-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they – over extended themselves instead of digging in consolidating their gains p. 839 – Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), Southeast Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of China, the Philippines, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc†¦- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl Harbor before Allied advances began. In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of – (leapfrogging and) island-hopping across the South (and Central) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible – but not always – Ex. Philippines Pelelieu Aleutians) [MacArthur/US Army Halsey in South – USMC Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific] All strategies considered implemented in some fashion – heavy bombing from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over â€Å"the Hump† of the Himalayas, turning Japanese flanks in New Guinea (MacArthur) Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done – but priority was put on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), USCG in two prong drive across south central Pacific with Adm. Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas – Tinian Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could conduct round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands – But a nasty volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 foot hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way – could notify Japan that bombers were coming – plus many damaged bombers needed the vital air strip on the island for emergency landings – so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 days in Hell before the island was completely secure – giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi – the 2nd becoming perhaps the most famous photograph in the entire world – â€Å"Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho! † Allies won Battle of Atlantic by – escorting convoys of merchants’ (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) [E x. Carrier other Task Forces], dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. located in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At war’s end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly branch of voluntarily service still got volunteers up until the end – 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 – Adm Downitz asked for more before war – didn’t get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts – depth charges – RADAR (B-24s B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) – SONAR – Enigma code machine codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) – US subs sink lots of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing â€Å"wolf packs† (which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic Most important battle in Western Europe! Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitler’s greatest opportunities of defeating Britain winning the war was – the German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping (which it was faster than ships could be built early in war) Hitler’s advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined {* Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives} pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c – of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) lack of adequate resources {* We’d have gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans – as indeed we did really until 1943 – we needed to learn how to fight – Stalin was angry we left his country to suffer while we lagged in opening a second front n France to relieve the USSR – cannot blame him entirely FDR’s promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942 – was utterly impossible to keep (just not ready for the undertaking really) * So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really – meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy – before two major invasions of France in June Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a surrender would – encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible (but USA also did this to show a ommitment to USSR as an Ally against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDR’s Churchill’s insistence on the absolute and â€Å"unconditional surrender† of Germany – eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology: Casablanca, Morocco – Jan 1943 FDR Churchill meet – Pacific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p. 842, (Cairo, Egypt before Teheran – w/FDR Churchill discuss Chiang Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) – Nov 28th – Dec 1st, 1943 – plans for W E attacks on Germany p. 844 – FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany – July 1945 – Truman, Churchill, Stalin – Potsdam Declaration how to end war post-war plans p. 851 Chronology: Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D-Day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 [my mother turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) – she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea Vietnam) – one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts – served under Patton in N Africa was at the Bulge – his eye was hanging out of his head attached by the optic nerve – they saved his eye – but the war messed the young man up for the rest of his lif e mentally carrying the burdens of death – her other brother was in Pacific – he would not come home until Japan was beaten] – VJ Day 8/15/45 – Japan’s surrender was 8/14/45 – official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 – WWII was finally over after many deaths – military ivilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major consequence of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was – overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italy’s surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French – At least they claim to be â€Å"lovers not fighters† – but the Romans seriously put a foot in and/or up one’s booty in battle as a vicious warrior empire known for organization in fighting After Italian surrender in Aug 1943, Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (really until the end of t he war in Northern Italy – also harsh to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it delayed the D-Day invasion allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (â€Å"iron curtain†) Brutal fighting in Italy Ex pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, Germany US First Army – The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group) Italians switched sides – Germans reinforced – bloody battles b/c of terrain – Ex. Anzio * I disagree w/this – Italy was a vital valuable front – perhaps managed poorly, but necessary At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) – plans were made for opening a 2nd front in Europe p. 844 – was Sicily Italy before France – Stalin still not happy Cross Channel (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future president) [Ike] {West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, Great political general – needed for this command to deal w/ the prima- onnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) plus other issues – he was the right man for the job – although many disagreed about that at the time} ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) Breako ut 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, Airborne/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, Mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etc†¦ (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) In a sense, FDR was the â€Å"forgotten man† at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c – so much attention was focused on who would be VP (Truman – Sen from MO political machine – failed in business – US Army rtillery Major in WWI ) (VP former Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a headache and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for polio was) on April 12th, 1945 – funeral train – some people had really only known FDR as president, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR – Eleanor said to Harry, â€Å"The president is dead. â €  Truman replied, â€Å"Is there anything I can do for you. † Mrs Roosevelt responded, â€Å"Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, you’re the one who is in trouble now. † FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) Action by USA against Adolf Hitler’s campaign of genocide against the Jews – was reprehensively slow in coming – Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps – USA did know – Gov’t knew for sure since 1942 when â€Å"final solution† was implemented – US gov’t knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitler’s book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII – like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a by-product that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war , nor would many of them fought for that ideal anyway–my opinion–so you know it’s correct! ( Hitler’s last ditch attempt to achieve victory against the USA British (plus other Allies) came in – Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there – got that nasty eye wound †¢ Hurtgen Forrest (When Trumpets Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border – brutal mine fields – slaughter – overshadowed by Bulge so largely forgotten †¢ Bulge – why it’s called the Battle of the Bulge – weather – secrecy – push through weak Ardennes – Malmady – Mr. High – casualties 76,000 US – worst battle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) – Germans lost 140,000+ cold – no air cover for weeks – Bastogne – 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) – 101st at Normandy, Market Garden, Bastogne, Hitlerâ €™s Eagle’s Nest – Patton 3rd Army – costly choice to push bulge back rather than pinch it (liposuction) – air cover returns – push to the Rhine – USSR pushing from the East – USSR in Berlin brutal As result of Battle of Leyte Gulf – Japan was finished a s a naval power (Philippines 1944 – largest naval battle ever – Halsey – Taffy 3 – Kamikazes – Yamato) [Philippines fell – 500 POWs rescued at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) – hold outs in to 1970s] {Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war} ***** War of attrition in Pacific – to the death – rarely took prisoners on either side unless want information Potsdam Conference – issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of â€Å"face a rain of ruin from the air† †¢ It’s already facing a â€Å"rain of ruin from the air’ as did German cities! p. 851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of massive weapon to use on Japan – Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) – told Truman to use it promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier – entered war 8/8/4 5, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed – threat of more bombing – not specific as to use of an atomic bomb – more bombing – so what – already taking that! Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that – the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much More Complex Than That! ***** Letter â€Å"c† in the answer choices – The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans – who tried heavy water in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks – one at the plant, the other sinking a ferry w/the heavy water on board – still at bottom of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was planned ready to go – they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishi’s Unit 731 in Manchuria – chemical biological weapons – delivery systems – Ex. High altitude balloons, flea bombs, etc†¦- USA made post-war deal w/ the Devil! No war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etc†¦ The â€Å"unconditional surrender† policy toward Japan was finally modified by – agreeing to let Japan’s Emperor Hirohito stay on the throne (w/Democratic gov’t) * No war crimes trials for emperor – Tojo took the fall for emperor – no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 unlike Nazis – let Japan have terms that Germany did not get – then USA – built up former enemies (W Germany Japan) into allies while former allies (USSRlt; etc†¦) became enemies – COLD WAR! The following were qualities of US participation in WWII: A group of highly effective military political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons supplies (usually more, later, better equipment than enemies – out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from air (small submarine skirmishes some off-shore shelling, some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones – USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) p. 27 FDR as â€Å"all wise† for Germany first strategy over those who disagree – Pacific war always get ripped off p. 828 Allies Trade Space for Time * German ( Japanese) scientists – weapons – A-Bombs pp. 829-832 The Shock of War pp. 830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exec Order #9066 (100th/442nd ) pp. 832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners – exploited, underpaid – share profits Kaiser shipbuilding pp. 833-834 Man power Woman power – Braceros (later deportations in â€Å"Operation Wetback†) – Rosie (Wendy) – day-cares p. 834 War migration map pp. 835-837 wartime migrations p. 835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p. 835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order #8802) **** (Charles Drew – Af-Am did first successful blood transfusion – put in charge of Allied blood banks – he was forced to segregate blood too – his death outside a hospital after an accident – died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p. 835 Double V, CORE – 1942, NAACP membership increases p. 836 Comanche (Europe) Navajo (Pacific) â€Å"code talkers† pp. 836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 Detroit, MI 1943 â€Å"Sudden rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some di stressingly violent action. † pp. 837-838 Holding the Homefront p. 837 National Debt Chart pp. 838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p. 838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, Corrigador (Philippines) p. 838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p. 38 Flying â€Å"the Hump† in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road – Merril’s Mauraders Gen Stillwell) p. 838 â€Å"ill-trained† Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast – delays Japanese – Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p. 839 Japan’s High Tide at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp. 839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hopping leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies †¢ Guam (Saipan – suicides), Marianas â€Å"Turkey Shoot’ F6F Hellcat kill ratio †¢ 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea – massive Japanese losses p. 840 Map of Pacific War p. 841 Churchill – â€Å"The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. † pp. 841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p. 41 Battle of the Atlantic – U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not enough early in war – Downitz) – no sub can stay under indefinitely b/c food is limitation (U-571) pp. 842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p. 842 USSR lost ~20 million pp. 842-843 â€Å"unconditional surrender† debate results pp. 843-846 D-Day: June 6th, 194p. 845 Examining the Evidence – Teheran 1943 – Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p. 844 Ike chosen to command D-Day invasion – (feignt w/Patton at Calais – codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etc†¦) p. 846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 – officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p. 846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp. 846-847 FDR: Four Termite of 1944 p. 47 Focus on VP – Truman – on Sen Committee for Wasteful Sp ending – told to stop investigating Manhattan Project – he later learns it was Atomic Bombs p. 848 FDR defeats Dewey – FDR had Rep owned newspapers against him again p. 848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce – â€Å"He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. † pp. 848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p. 849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties – worst US battle ever – so far * Okinawa Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p. 848 bombings pp. 848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p. 849 Holocaust – camps liberated – horrors known now for all (unit 731 in Manchuria) p. 849 FDR’s deathVE Day 5-8-45 pp. 49-851 Japan Dies Hard – US subs sinking Japanese ships – cutting off Japan’s vital lifeline sank 1. 042 ships ~50% of Japan’s merchant fleet p. 850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 ~83,000 KIA p. 850 Ley te Gulf, Iwo Jima, Pkinawa – short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck! Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) @ Okinawa, Japanese had ~200,000 military civilian casualties p. 851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, Letters from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p. 851 Kamikazes (Saipan Leyte, then Iwo Okinawa – worst of all – no Final Battle – would’ve been worst) †¢ They had lots stored up for the Final Battle pp. 851-853 Atomic Bombs p. 52 Hiroshima picture – post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantly 60,000 died later from radiation, etc†¦ p. 852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later USSR invaded Manchuria North Korea (not a country split N S until 1950) 8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etc†¦ pp. 853-854 The Allies Triumphant p. 853 US casualties ~ 1 million ~1/3rd KIA †¢ plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etc†¦. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost ~20 million plus more casualties 13. 6 million military killed plus 7. 2 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p. 853 US attacked on W coast Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. submarines on both coasts p. 853 â€Å"In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. † Kind of funny given US history – don’t you think? p. 854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p. 854 production marvels – won war through production – more of everything – then eventually better more! Churchill – â€Å"Nothing succeeds like excess. † Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe – â€Å"Americans can’t build planes – only elect ric ice boxes and razor blades. † Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p. 854 â€Å"But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. † What would Zinn say? Is this a reference to loss of liberties during WWI – Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would â€Å"enemy aliens† and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian German internment Japanese-American internment p. 854 Chronology p. 855 World War II: Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationist appeasement in Cold War Another paralleled 1930’s revisionist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out – made it worse Another thought FDR was naive isolationist Others thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy – racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz said bomb was used to scare USSR hurry surrender MartinJ. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), Japan’s militarist gov’t w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war – he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japan’s gov’t Battle of Berlin – brutal pay back – refugees – rapes – POWs – Hitler’s death

How Muslim Extremists Justify Interpretation Of Quran Religion Essay

How Muslim Extremists Justify Interpretation Of Quran Religion Essay There is often a lack of understanding as to what religion is. How do we define the word religion? Is religion a belief or merely a way of life? Genuine religion is fundamentally a search for meaning beyond materialism. A world religious tradition is a set of symbols and rituals, myths and stories, concepts and truth-claims, which a historical community believes gives ultimate meaning to life, via its connection to a transcendent beyond the natural order (Cited in Cline 2009: Introduction). As Cline has stated here, religion is a set of historical traditions which people adhere by and believe in. The Islamic faith for Muslims is not simply a religion but also a way of life for them and they are strongly attached to their own religion and culture. Some choose for their religion to be a private issue, whilst other prefers it to be the basis of all their social interactions. Muslims consider Islam to be a structure that takes in all aspects of life, both personal and social and it is a social, as well as legal system which governs matters such as family life, law and order, ethics, dress and cleanliness, as well as religious practice and observance (Hussain, El-Alami. eds., 2005:1). Muslims follow their traditional system however, the 9/11 and 7/7 terrorist attacks have had a large impact on how society see and treat Muslims and the Islamic faith, when in fact these extremists committing these offences are a minority group hiding behind certain banners under the veil of Islam. It has become apparent over the past decade that Islam seems to be a more militant faith than most others. Some people have been lead to believe that this is due to the Holy Scripture which holds all the laws of the Islamic religion, known as the Quran. However, the Islam faith is very diverse and varied and although many things in the Quran apply to mostly all Muslims, there are many other things which only apply to a minority group of Muslims, those who take their faith and inaccurate interpretations of the Quran to the extreme. In order to establish why these Muslims take their faith to the extreme, it is essential that the various verses from The Quran and the diverse justification of Jihad are firstly discussed. Jihad is a key problem in Islam as the meaning has many different interpretations. Jihad can be interpreted by some Muslims as the spiritual struggle against his or her own natural nature in order to lead a holy life (Bonney: 2004: xi), but for other Muslims like Osma Bin Laden, it may be interpreted as violent and extended to mean a commitment to Allah by all Muslims, to constantly strive to convert, defeat or overcome all non Muslims. Those who believe and follow the latter interpretation of Jihad, believe it is their duty to persist with the preachings of Islam through holy war, in an unjust way until the whole world accepts Islam or concedes to the Islamic faith. Bonney (2004: x) specifically states that those terrorists like Osma Bin Laden use an ancient, unfounded and misconstrued view of the Islamic perception of just war (Jihad) to exonerate their actions. The word Islam actually implies the meaning of peace and tolerance, but this reputation of Islam is being dented due to this wrongful interpretation of Jihad. Islam is a faith which believes that religion is to be freely accepted and by no means should be forced upon anyone and this is evident through many verses throughout The Quran. The Quran (26: 4) states that God wants people to choose their path themselves and does not at any point instruct any Muslim to raise a sword over a non Muslim in order to convert or subjugate them. In another verse from The Quran, it explicitly defines: Invite people of the path of your Rabba with what? With forces of the sword? No. With beautiful admonitions and advice (Quran: 16: 125). From this verse it is clear that many Muslim leaders, who have viewed Jihad as violent and as an obligation on individual believers with intent to destroy religious peace and pluralism in the name of Allah, are incorrect. There are many more verses within The Quran which specify that Islams idea of Jihad is not the idea of a holy war which these terrorist leaders have claimed it to be. With The Quran containing many verses stating the importance Islam gives to peace, (Quran: 4: 128) it signifies that the soul of Islam is in fact peace; again not war. Researchers such as Cook (2000) and Waines (2003)(cited: Bonney: 2004:47) as well as many others, both come to the same conclusion, that Jihads fundamental nature is that of defence, not war. Al-Qaeda claims to preach peace yet it also praises violence. The violent actions which are carried out from Al- Qaeda have resulted in innocent people being murdered and it has claimed to have been acting out in self defence against the imperialist intrusions of the West, but yet it approves suicide bombing. Suicide bombing is actually disobedience against established Muslim teachings. According to The Quran, the world is divided into two categories; believers and non-believers and it repeatedly states that the believers together form one people and the non-believers together structure another, (Bonney: 2000: 8) as in the believers are brethren of one another and those who disbelieve are friends of one another (Quran: 8: 72). This verse again is promoting peace and differences in belief are seen as Gods plan, it does not indicate that any Muslim should linger everlastingly at war with any nonbelievers but, for the world to be aware of Muhammad and his teachings, preaching is to be done. It is may be this verse in The Quran that Jihad in the name of Allah may merely mean a peaceful struggle through preachings. These rigorous and strict actions of Muslims who take their religion to the extreme have drawn attention to certain divisions within Islam known as Wahhabism and Salafiyya. Saudi Arabia is the birth place of Wahhabism and it is puritanical form of Sunni Islam. Saudi Arabia has always relied on a mixture of religion and political power. Its origins date back to the eighteenth century when an Islamic fundamentalist and extremist, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab introduced a religious, political movement in agreeance with the local tribe chief, this was known as Wahhabism. The essential aim of Wahhabs reform movement was that every idea after the third century of the Muslim period should be abolished as it was false. For a Muslim to then be considered true to their faith, they must commit themselves exclusively and exactingly to the innovative beliefs set into the world by Muhammad. Ultimately, he encouraged a reinforcement of the original, pure and orthodox customs of the fundamentals of Is lam, as characterised in the Quran and in the life of the Prophet Muhammad. Today the term Wahhabism refers to a Sunni Islamic movement that pursues to cleanse Islam of any modifications or practices that diverge from the original teachings of Muhammad and his cohorts. The surfacing of Wahhabisms stern beliefs has resulted in conflict between other Muslim groups. As Wahhabism rejects Islams most prominent religious traditions, Wahhabis have found themselves in disagreements with non-Wahhabi Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims and non-Muslims in surrounding areas resulting in war. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, the media have been inclined to centre their attentions on movements within the Muslim world that support and carry out acts of violence against other human beings and populations. The media refer to these terrorists by their religious group, but in fact these terrorist are hiding behind their religion, using the excuse that Allah or God tells them to act in this way. This is not necessarily true, as mentioned before the Quran promotes to live to a peaceful and coexistent life and it also has commandments and beliefs which are similar to the Christian community and The Bible. Those Muslims within the Islamic world who are dynamically working for peace, interreligious dialogue, minority rights and much more are overlooked. Organisations which are set up in order to reject violence are also disregarded yet such organisations and movements are the key to motivation and loyalty which inspires many Muslims throughout the world. These Muslims are moulding the foundations of the outlook and apparition of Muslims, and points in the correct direction that the majority of the Islamic community should be heading for. Those Muslims who participate in acts of violence and terrorism are isolated minorities within the Islamic faith, but this still tends to reflect of Islam and Muslims as a whole, with non-violent Muslims being judged unfairly and negatively by society. Since the 9/11 attack, many Muslims have received increased discrimination and racism by the rest of civilization. What people fail to understand is that these terrorist attacks were in fact carried out by a minority group of individuals who hide behind Islam as a faith to justify their violence by using a misinterpretation of the Quran. High levels of discrimination and racism are evident in schools were many Muslim boys are being stereotyped and associated with global terrorism, fundamentalism and urban rioting, resulting in them being identified as under-achieving and problematic pupils and they are becoming hot topics of social and educational debate (Archer:2003: 2). Muslims are in fact against terrorism, yet the acts of the terrorists cause the rest of society to naturally tarnish the rest of the Muslims wrongfully, with the same brush because the media and politicians refer to the terrorists by religious standing. It could be argued that these terrorists are extremists who are passionately seeking political power and wealth and it has been noted here that Muslims face complications not just within education, but also everyday life. Muslims are afraid to have their own say in politics as they feel discriminated against as a community as a whole (Banchoff: 2008:5). In conclusion, it is evident that jihad is a complicated occurrence in both theory and practice. Throughout the history of Islam, there has been no single concept applied to the meaning and there have been different definitions resulting in how jihad is practiced. It is also evident that Islam places a huge importance on peace and how one strives to lead the correct way by the will of God, and if need be, defend oneself. The minority group within Islam have taken this concept of defence to aid their own national interest and used it as to justify their violent actions, at the cost of the rest of the Islamic population. Islam has a genuine image of advocating peace and tolerance as well as the free will to choose your own faith, but they do believe in striving to preach in the name of Allah whether it is by pen, mouth media; yet again the extremists mentioned here use armies and violence to force their religion upon anyone. It does not mean to strive for individual, political or natio nal power. Word count: 2132